Can new digital models lower costs, widen access and overcome Europe's persistent barriers to investment? Digitalisation is reshaping the way retail investors access financial markets. Looking beyond crypto-assets, new distribution models, such as digital investment platforms and crowdfunding, are emerging alongside underlying technologies such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) and tokenisation. Together, these developments are opening new pathways to access and digitalise assets that have traditionally been difficult or costly for retail investors to invest in, including gold, private markets…